The
immrama, or "rowings about," are a genre of early Irish literature. Central to the
immrama is the structural motif of the sea voyage, which frames the narrative and forms a central part of the genre. There are few surviving
immrama: four of them in Irish, and one of them in Latin. These are
Immram curaig Máele Dúin ("Voyage of Máel Dúin's Boat"),
Immram curaig Ua Corra ("Voyage of the Uí Corra"),
Immram Brain mac Febuil ("Voyage of Bran son of Febul"),
Immram Snédgusa ocus Maic Riagla ("Voyage of Snédgus and Mac Riagla"), and
Nauigatio sancti Brendani abbatis ("Voyage of St. Brendan the Abbot"). The framing structure of the sea voyage is distinctive in that each
immram describes episodic voyages to more than one island, and usually the abandonment of a number of the original voyagers. Furthermore, they are the usually the voyages of monks, and those that are not are the voyages of secular individuals who go enter into what may be either a satire or an allegory of the monastic pilgrimage.
The latter point is significant because, although the main character of an
immram may be a secular individual, the sea voyage itself is not. The journey is a spiritual one, in which every island brings the main character closer to a sort of psychopneumatic awakening. In the
Immram Máele Dúin, for instance, Máel Dúin, the child of a warrior and a nun, pursues his father's murderers over the sea. Over the course of his wanderings, he experiences a spiritual conversion so that, when he finally encounters his father's murderers, he forgives them.
This thesis hopes to investigate the common themes that run through all five of the surviving
immrama listed above. This thesis will examine the various reasons for which the sea voyage became a tool of atonement. In the
immrama, being lost at sea is seen as a sort of exile, which serves as a form of punishment. The main character must then travel from island to island, in search of repentance and the conversion experience that must follow. This "conversion experience," which I have called a psychopneumatic awakening, is essential to the main character, and without it, the character cannot return home. In order to focus the discussion of the
immrama, this thesis will pay specific attention to the
Immram Máele Dúin, the structure of which will color the creative component of this thesis.
The creative component will be a manuscript that hopes to use those structural elements studied in the analytic component within a contemporary setting. The main character, Jason Medina, will be lost at sea with a group of his fellow classmates. As they find themselves traveling from island to island, they will discover many reasons to love the place whence they came, despite their cynical opinions about home and family. The psychopneumatic awakening involves both the realization that their home has value and that they have a place in it: a theme which I hope to elucidate over the course of the manuscript. The creative component will include minor elements of science fiction, although one of the primary goals of this project is to recreate the creativity of form that mythology was so successful in accomplishing.
In the future, I hope to reproduce "Navigator" in novel form. The goal of this thesis is not merely to produce a work of analytic and creative value, but also to prepare a foundation for my future writing.